Is Urdu Pakistani

In India, although Urdu is not and never was used exclusively by Muslims , the ongoing Hindi–Urdu controversy and modern cultural association of each language with the two religions has led to fewer Hindus using Urdu. In part because the Pakistani government proclaimed Urdu the national language at Partition, the Indian state and some religious nationalists began to regard Urdu as a 'foreign' language, to be viewed with suspicion. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions.

Where Is Urdu Spoken In Pakistan That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh kitne kaa hay for 'How much is it? And the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script and is the national language of Pakistan.

It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'.

Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script. Urdu, which was often referred to by the British administrators in India as the Hindustani language, was promoted in colonial India by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian. Urdu replaced Persian as the official language of India in 1837 and was made co-official, along with English.

Try reading some poetry from Faiz Ahmad Faiz and Ahmad Faraz . Indians mix alot of hindhi words with urdu which I get but then to say that they speak urdu is not accurate. And the place where urdu is spoken in india is not a majority either.

So majority of your people if they even know urdu speak with an accent. Like most of the indian people who answer questions in the urdu section. My point of saying that is that youre saying that Punjabis have an accent but indians pronounce so many things wrong. Punjabis have to study Urdu and urdu poetry just like everyone else and they do not have an accent when they speak urdu. Something you do not have in India unless you speacialize in it.

The Punjabis in the villages who speak urdu are like Scottish people who speak English.That is not the correct accent of urdu. Im sure the part of India whose native language is urdu speak it perfectly. Because the MAJORITY since others aparently dont count speak with an accent and their own words. Hope my city with 21.2 million people exists for you since its not panjabi. In the Delhi region of India the native language was Khariboli, whose earliest form is known as Old Hindi . It belongs to the Western Hindi group of the Central Indo-Aryan languages.

The contact of the Hindu and Muslim cultures during the period of Islamic conquests and in the Indian subcontinent led to the development of Hindustani as a product of a composite Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb. In cities such as Delhi, the Indian language Old Hindi began to acquire many Persian loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani". In southern India , a form of the language flourished in medieval India and is known as Dakhini, which contains loanwords from Telugu and Marathi. An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by Amir Khusrau in the late 13th century. From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century the language now known as Urdu was called Hindi, Hindavi, Hindustani, Dehlavi, Lahori, and Lashkari. The Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate established Persian as its official language in India, a policy continued by the Mughal Empire, which extended over most of northern South Asia from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented Persian influence on Hindustani.

The name Urdu was first introduced by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. While Urdu retained the grammar and core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the local Indian dialect Khariboli, it adopted the Nastaleeq writing system – which was developed as a style of Persian calligraphy. Alok Rai, avid supporter for the promotion of both Urdu and Hindi, further points out that the "Punjabi-dominated Pakistan still declares Urdu to be its national language." How could one religion speak up for the various ethnic groups it comprises?

In this way, too, Urdu not only cannot be restricted to Islam since so many Muslims and non- Muslims use it, as well as different ethnic groups. In addition to Punjabis using the language, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Balochis, Biharis, Delhiites, Kashmiris, and Uttar Pradeshis make up the majority of Urdu speakers, who comprise of multiple ethnic groups . Along these lines, Urdu should be viewed as a language that is not limited to one group of people; it serves as an intermingling of cultures, according to Inder Jit Lall.

Lall, literary critic, translator, author, and promoter of the study of Urdu literature. He shows how Urdu's vocabulary includes words from Hindi, Arabic, Sanskrit, Persian, English, Pali, Punjabi, and Portuguese . In this manner, Urdu represents a shared language that the different ethnic groups—who have their own languages—can use to converse outside of their mother culture group. By doing so, they retain their own separate culture and not some fabricated "ethno-linguistic group" that Harris Khalique attests is impossible to do. Khalique, writer and poet, states that those who claim to be solely "Urdu-speaking" are in the wrong for trying to claim Urdu as part an "ethno-linguistic group" that does not exist. In this sense, Urdu should continue to be promoted and should be revived as a language that supports interethnic communication.

However, it is important that Urdu not be seen as belonging to even multiple groups precisely because it might displace those groups' connections to their mother tongue and culture, especially when speaking of the Pakistani, Indian, and Bengali diasporas. The Pakistanis and Indians who have emigrated to the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates converse in Urdu to stay close with their own people, even if Urdu is not their mother tongue . As the Mughals declined, the need to preserve its culture led to the implementation of "schools, the printing press, an orderly bureaucracy and the concept of the unity of India" . Schools, such as madrassas , were taught in Urdu and served to enhance Urdu's tie with Islam in addition to the mullahs' extensive use of Urdu in correspondence between one another and to the Muslims coming to them to learn. As the Mughals, or "Muslim invaders," brought about this formation of a new language, Urdu became synonymous with Muslims, especially since it was written in the Nastaliq script. The Sufis, Islam's mystics, though, as opposed to the ordinary Muslim Mughal, contributed the most in this respect when they began to use "Hindvi" because the locals did not understand Persian or Arabic .

Rahman shows this strengthening of Urdu's tie to Muslim identity during the nineteenth century when Muslims were trying to create a new state for themselves. Along the road to independence, the Indian Muslims used Urdu to further distinguish themselves from the Hindus, which led to the recognition of Urdu as the language of Islam in the Subcontinent. From this point on, the language continued to have an Islamic tie to it, and is currently shown through Pakistan's use of the language as their national language. In 1973, Urdu was recognised as the sole national language of Pakistan – although English and regional languages were also granted official recognition.

A broadly used language throughout the world is probably English, which remarkably impacts its advancement. Pakistan is also not immune and here at all levels of education English is infused. One of the reasons of spread of English language is a great mixing of English words and phrases in other languages of the world. As far as Pakistan is concerned, in national language of Pakistan which is Urdu, English vocabulary is often mixed and borrowed. The phenomena of borrowing, code-switching and code-mixing cannot only be observed in spoken discourse but also obvious in written text.

This paper investigates how far this pattern is shown in media and daily life conversations of Pakistani people. This paper present that that fundamental part of bilingualism and multilingualism are varieties and changes in a language. This inclination of code-mixing and code-switching has acquired a few changes in Pakistani individuals and their way of life with the fact that the culture is ordinarily conveyed by that language. This paper will show how Pakistani culture is influenced by the mixture of English and Urdu language word. In Pakistan tendency of code-mixing have been divided into three classes which are word class, phrase class, and sentence class. The increasing interest of Pakistani community in English language has been revealed in research findings.

Urdu is the sole national, and one of the two official languages of Pakistan . It is spoken and understood throughout the country, whereas the state-by-state languages are the provincial languages, although only 7.57% of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language. Its official status has meant that Urdu is understood and spoken widely throughout Pakistan as a second or third language.

It is used in education, literature, office and court business, although in practice, English is used instead of Urdu in the higher echelons of government. Article 251 of the Pakistani Constitution mandates that Urdu be implemented as the sole language of government, though English continues to be the most widely used language at the higher echelons of Pakistani government. Some who are from a non-Urdu background now can read and write only Urdu. With such a large number of people speaking Urdu, the language has acquired a peculiar Pakistani flavour further distinguishing it from the Urdu spoken by native speakers, resulting in more diversity within the language. Ultimately, Urdu remains a conundrum in terms of how it should be framed because of its myriad uses for diverse groups of people. From Muslims to writers to interethnic communication, various groups claim this "zaban" as their own in order to spread their own views and demonstrate their intentions, even if it is something as simple as using a more eloquent word in a film.

Thus, when it comes to whose language is Urdu, Urdu may belong to no one and everyone at the same time. Instead, it may only matter that people continue to support the existence of Urdu. Urdu seems to serve as a facilitator between these competing groups in communication, politics, and the arts, while also allowing those in the Subcontinent to cling to their own mother tongue and culture. With some minor adjustments, this is probably true of today's Pakistan, too. While Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki, Hindko, etc, remain the main, in some cases the only, languages in the villages where their respective speakers live; urban Pakistan mostly, if not entirely, converses in Urdu of various tints and hues.

It is widely used, both formally and informally, for personal letters as well as public literature, in the literary sphere and in the popular media. It is a required subject of study in all primary and secondary schools. It is the first language of most Muhajirs and Biharis , who form nearly 8% of Pakistan's population, and is an acquired second language for the rest. As Pakistan's national language, Urdu has been promoted to promote national unity. It is written with a modified form of the Perso-Arabic alphabet—usually in Nastaliq script. English is a co-official language of Pakistan and is widely used in the executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as to some extent in the officer ranks of Pakistan's armed forces.

Pakistan's Constitution and laws were written in English and are now being re-written in the local languages. It is also widely used in schools, colleges and universities as a medium of instruction. English is seen as the language of upward mobility, and its use is becoming more prevalent in upper social circles, where it is often spoken alongside native Pakistani languages.

No region in Pakistan uses Urdu as its mother tongue, though it is spoken as the first language of Muslim migrants in Pakistan who left India after independence in 1947. Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest British India. It is written, spoken and used in all provinces/territories of Pakistan, although the people from differing provinces may have different native languages. After the partition of India, Pakistan made Urdu its official language even though it was not the mother tongue of the majority of people in any of the provinces of Pakistan, namely Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Balochistan, Bengal. With the active support of the government Urdu literature and language flourished in Pakistan.

After 1947, Pakistan imposed Urdu as the national language on East Pakistan, where a highly developed Bengali idiom was a part of national identity. Although some prominent Bengali leaders like Huseyn Suhrawardy were Urdu-speaking — while being proficient in English — there was a linguistic revolt that led to the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan in the ripeness of time. East Pakistan lived under oppression and some West Pakistani governors tried to impose the Arabic script on the subject Bengali population.

It is a fact that unregulated madrassas and 'petty Ulemas' have played havoc in Pakistan by radicalizing the people and thereby Islamizing the social spaces and changing the political culture of Pakistan. Although madrassas and other religious organizations were active much earlier, their presence was felt during the tenure of Gen. Zia-ul-Haq. Supporting madrassas and using them as proxies was a double-edged sword which did not spare Pakistan either. Of late, Pakistan has felt the need to reform and regulate madrassas. If the process of regulation and reformation of madrassas proceeds smoothly– which is very unlikely– Pakistan still will have Urdu newspapers which would propagate hatred against India.

Along with religion and class, Urdu is one of the most significant factors contributing to what MQM calls the muhajir identity. The party made that identity the centre of its politics to highlight, protect and promote the rights of muhajirs. Urdu which is the mother tongue of a majority of the muhajirs ...

Muhajir culture and civilization are also in harmony with the demands of the modern age," Hussain said. "In contrast, the other languages spoken in Pakistan … have still not been successful in assimilating modernity," he said, not concealing his cultural superiority complex. The socio-political conditions that have given their distinctive impetus to the development of Urdu in the two countries are equally distinct. In India, for instance, Urdu writers may feel freer to focus on political and social issues, and their roots in a multi-religious and multi-cultural environment leave them less prone to taking any extreme view on religious matters.

Thus, their work is able to accommodate difference and diversity far more naturally than that of their peers across the border. In Pakistan, on the other hand, Urdu has been adopted by writers in a variety of ethnic and cultural settings, which has led to the enrichment of the language through close interactions with Punjabi, Pashtun, Sindhi, and Baluch elements. This diversity of backgrounds and interweaving cultural contexts has also enlarged the allusive field for Urdu writers to reflect influences of oral and written traditions from the major regional languages of Pakistan. The one factor that has kept Urdu alive and thriving in India has been its continued use by the people who speak it natively, largely Muslims from Uttar Pradesh and the former state of Hyderabad . Urdu also owes more than a little of its mass appeal and prominence to Bollywood, which at one time produced hundreds of Urdu movies every year, although the Mumbai-based film industry has shifted to Hindi in the last twenty years or so. In Pakistan, on the other hand, Urdu owes its survival to the large influx of mohajirs from Urdu-speaking parts of India and to a determined official patronage.

However, over the years other universities have followed NYU's example of responding to the new demographic, cultural and political realities in the South Asian language classes. This decision has helped NYU in creating a unique profile of its Urdu program among the academic circles, students and the community along with stimulating a strong interest in Pakistan's languages, literature and culture. Turkic languages were used by the ruling Turco-Mongols such as the Mughals and earlier Sultans of the subcontinent.

The autobiography of Mughal emperor Babur, Tuzk Babari was also written in Turkish. After returning from exile in Safavid Persia in 1555, Mughal emperor Humayun further introduced Persian language and culture in the court and government. The Chaghatai language, in which Babur had written his memoirs, disappeared almost entirely from the culture of the courtly elite, and Mughal emperor Akbar could not speak it.

Later in life, Humayun himself is said to have spoken in Persian verse more often than not. The Quran, Sunnah, Hadith and Muslim theology is taught in Arabic with Urdu translation. The Pakistani diaspora living in the Middle East has further increased the number of people who can speak Arabic in Pakistan. Arabic is taught as a religious language in mosques, schools, colleges, universities and madrassahs. A majority of Pakistan's Muslim population has had some form of formal or informal education in the reading, writing and pronunciation of Arabic as part of their religious education. Although Punjabi was the majority language in West Pakistan when Pakistan was created in 1947, and Bengali the majority in East Pakistan and Pakistan as a whole, English and Urdu were chosen as the official languages.

The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another. Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages. Eventually, Punjabi was granted status as a provincial language in Punjab Province. It is also proposed to be the co-official language along with English. The country also has several regional languages, including Punjabi, Saraiki, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Gujari, Kashmiri, Hindko, Brahui, Shina, Balti, Khowar, Dhatki, Haryanvi, Marwari, Wakhi and Burushaski. Four of these are provincial languages – Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Balochi.